How to Apply DC-to-DC Step-Down (Buck) Regulators Successfully

Typical low-power systems operate with a Li-Ion battery whose output varies from 4.2 V to 3 V, while the ICs require 0.8 V, 1.8 V, 2.5 V, and 2.8 V. A simple way to reduce the voltage is to use an LDO, but power not delivered to the load is lost as heat, making LDOs inefficient when VIN is much greater than VOUT. Switching converters store energy in a magnetic field, enabling high-efficiency regulation.